fig serum igg titers in groups и = for particles, n = for soluble of balbc mice immunized with either plgctabp gag dna of breast feeding zoloft size nm or in or dna alone at two dose levels of xg and xg antibody titers are geometric mean titers ± se at weeks breast feeding zoloft postsecond immunization week time point after immunizations at day and day the response from the nm and xm particles at both dose levels are not breast feeding zoloft significantly different an important component of the adjuvant effect, since larger microparticles xm did not elicit a strong immune response the association of dna with nanoparticles and microparticles has been shown to be more effective than naked dna chitosandna particles nm of peanut allergen gene delivered orally, produced secretory iga and breast feeding zoloft serum igga, compared with no detectable response with naked dna the pulmonary delivery of chitosandna particles average size of nm with plasmid dna encoding tcell breast feeding zoloft epitopes from mycobacterium tuberculosis, were able to induce the maturation of dendritic cells and the increased level of ifny secretion, compared with the plasmid in solution breast feeding zoloft or im delivery in another dna study, polylysinegraft imidazoleacetic acid complexed with dna with a diameter of nm was used for the hiv env plasmid breast feeding zoloft it was found that igg, igm and iga responses were increased several folds, compared with naked dna it was also speculated that this formulation may breast feeding zoloft also help protect the dna from nuclease degradation based on the evidence in the literature, the rationale for preparing nanoparticles rather than the more established microparticles breast feeding zoloft is not necessarily clear with the dna formulations conclusions a number of systems with different types of antigen proteins, peptides, dna have been investigated with breast feeding zoloft the particles ranging in size from nm to nm for most systems, the critical particle size is zm, with particles in the range of nm to zm, often inducing comparable immune responses in some cases, depending on the route of delivery, there may be increased immune responses with the smaller breast feeding zoloft nanoparticles for in administration, there was no evidence that nm particles were better than micron particles for oral administration, some studies found enhanced responses with nanoparticles, breast feeding zoloft compared with microparticles, while other studies found equivalence, or that microparticles elicited higher responses overall, the evidence for nanoparticles nm outperforming microparticles zm for enhanced breast feeding zoloft immunogenicity is weak further examination is needed to support nanoparticles as a better formulation in place of microparticles also, some of the studies carried out breast feeding zoloft were done model antigens and the same results maymay not apply to relevant antigens where vaccine efficacy is determined however, there are some advantages to nanoparticles breast feeding zoloft compared with microparticles that have not been directly addressed for instance, smaller nanoparticles sub nm can be sterile filtered, allowing the particle preparation to be breast feeding zoloft a nonsterile process with terminal sterilization the distinction between nanoparticles and microparticles is usually made by the authors and there is no consistency in what breast feeding zoloft constitutes a nanoparticle, and this needs careful consideration when comparing results from the literature the important size measurement point is immediately prior to administration, post lyophilization, breast feeding zoloft or other processing, and this is not always reported more relevant endpoints such as protective efficacy may be crucial in distinguishing between nanoparticles and microparticles nanoparticles and microparticles both constitute a very effective vaccine delivery system some of these formulations are currently in preclinical and clinical evaluations acknowledgments we would breast feeding zoloft like to acknowledge the contributions of our colleagues in chiron corporation to the ideas contained in the chapter, particularly, all the members of the vaccine breast feeding zoloft adjuvants and delivery group references gupta rk and siber gr adjuvants for human vaccinescurrent status, problems and future prospects vaccine gupta rk, griffin p, jr, chang breast feeding zoloft ac, rivera r, anderson r, rost b, cecchini d, nicholson m and siber gr the role of adjuvants and delivery systems in modulation of immune response to vaccines adv exp med biol ramon g sur la toxine et surranatoxine diphtheriques ann inst pasteur vogel fr and powell mf a compendium breast feeding zoloft of vaccine adjuvants and excipients pharm biotechnol gupta rk aluminum compounds as vaccine adjuvants adv drug deliv rev relyveld eh, bizzini в and gupta rk rational breast feeding zoloft approaches to reduce adverse reactions in man to vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids vaccine gupta rk, chang ac, griffin p, rivera r and siber breast feeding zoloft gr in vivo distribution of radioactivity in mice after injection of biodegradable polymer microspheres containing clabeled tetanus toxoid vaccine ulanova m, tarkowski a, hahnzoric m breast feeding zoloft and hanson la the common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide upregulates accessory properties of human monocytes via an interleukindependent mechanism infect immun shi y, hogenesch h, regnier breast feeding zoloft fe and hem sl detoxification of endotoxin by aluminum hydroxide adjuvant vaccine edelman r new generation vaccines adjuvants for the future, in levine gcw, mm, kaper jb and cobon cheap bontril online gs eds marcel dekker, inc, new york, pp zinkernagel rm, ehl s, aichele p, oehen s, kundig t and hengartner h antigen localization regulates immune responses in a dose and timedependent fashion a geographical view of immune reactivity immunol rev fearon dt seeking wisdom in innate breast feeding zoloft immunity nature fearon dt and locksley rm the instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response science yip hc, karulin ay, tarylehmann m, hesse breast feeding zoloft md, radeke h, heeger ps, trezza rp, heinzel fp, forsthuber t and lehmann pv adjuvantguided type and type immunity infectiousnoninfectious dichotomy defines the class of breast feeding zoloft response f immunol kreuter j and speiser pp new adjuvants on a polymethylmethacrylate base infect immun eldridge jh, staas jk, meulbroek ja, tice tr and breast feeding zoloft gilley rm biodegradable and biocompatible poly dllactidecoglycolide microspheres as an adjuvant for staphylococcal enterotoxin в toxoid which enhances the level of toxinneutralizing antibodies infect immun ohagan breast feeding zoloft dt, jeffery h and davis ss longterm antibody responses in mice following subcutaneous immunization with ovalbumin entrapped in biodegradable microparticles vaccine nakaoka r, inoue y, breast feeding zoloft tabata y and ikada y size effect on the antibody production induced by biodegradable microspheres containing antigen vaccine tabata y, inoue y and ikada y size effect on systemic and mucosal immune responses induced by oral administration of biodegradable microspheres vaccine quintanarguerrero d, allemann e, fessi h and doelker e preparation breast feeding zoloft techniques and mechanisms of formation of biodegradable nanoparticles from preformed polymers drug dev ind pharm vajdy m and ohagan dt microparticles for intranasal immunization adv drug del rev singh m and ohagan d the preparation and characterization of polymeric antigen delivery systems for oral administration adv drug del rev cui breast feeding zoloft z and mumper rj microparticles and nanoparticles as delivery systems for dna vaccines crit rev ther drug can syst gupta rk, singh m and ohagan breast feeding zoloft dt polylactidecoglycolide microparticles for the development of singledose controlledrelease vaccines adv drug del rev tamber h, johansen p, merkle hp and gander в formulation aspects of biodegradable polymeric microspheres for antigen delivery adv drug del rev panyam j and labhasetwar v biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and breast feeding zoloft tissue adv drug del rev degen wg, jansen t and schijns ve vaccine adjuvant technology from mechanistic concepts to practical applications expert rev vaccines schijns breast feeding zoloft ve immunological concepts of vaccine adjuvant activity commentary cur opin immun scholes pd, coombes aga, ilium l, daviz ss, vert m and davies mc the preparation breast feeding zoloft of sub nm poly lactidecoglycolide microspheres for sitespecific drug delivery ] control rel blanco md and alonso mj development and characterization of proteinloaded polylactidecoglycolide nanospheres breast feeding zoloft eur j pharm biopharm nguyen xc, herberger jd and burke pa protein powders for encapsulation a comparison of sprayfreeze drying and spray drying of darbepoetin breast feeding zoloft alfa pharm res thomasin c, merkle hp and gander в drug microencapsulation by plaplga coacervation in the light of thermodynamics parameters determining microsphere formation j pharm sci thomasin с, ho nt, merkle hp and gander в drug microencapsulation by plaplga coacervation in the light of thermodynamics overview and theoretical considerations } breast feeding zoloft pharm sci cleland jl and jones aj stable formulations of recombinant human growth hormone and interferongamma for microencapsulation in biodegradable microspheres pharm res singh m, breast feeding zoloft kazzaz j, chesko j, soenawan e, ugozzoli m, giuliani m, pizza m, rappouli r and ohagan dt anionic microparticles are a potent delivery system for recombinant antigens from neisseria meningitidis serotype b j pharm sci jung t, kamm w, breitenbach a, hungerer kd, hundt e and kissel t tetanus toxoid loaded breast feeding zoloft nanoparticles from sulfobutylated polyvinyl alcoholgraftpolylactide coglycolide evaluation of antibody response after oral and nasal application in mice pharm res kazzaz j, neidleman j, singh m, breast feeding zoloft ott g and ohagan dt novel anionic microparticles are a potent adjuvant for the induction of cytotoxic t lymphocytes against recombinant p gag from hiv breast feeding zoloft } control rel fessi h, puisieux f, devissaguet jp, ammoury n and benita s nanocapsule formation by interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement int } pharm breast feeding zoloft rr fessi h, puisieux f and devissaguet jp process for the preparation of dispersible colloidal systems of a substance in the form of nanocapsules eur breast feeding zoloft patent peltonen l, koistinen p, karjalainen m, hakkinen a and hirvonen j the effect of cosolvents on the formulation of nanoparticles from lowmolecularweight polyllactide aaps breast feeding zoloft pharm sci tech e wehrle p, magenheim в and benita s the influence of process parameters on the pla nanoparticle size distribution, evaluated by means of breast feeding zoloft factorial design eur } pharm biopharm niwa t, takeuchi h, hino t, kunou n and kawashima y preparations of biodegradable nanospheres of watersoluble and insoluble breast feeding zoloft drugs with — lactide glycolide copolymer by a novel spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method, and the drug release behavior j control rel molpeceres j, guzman m, aberturas mr, chacon m and berges l application of central composite designs to the preparation of polycaprolactone nanoparticles by solvent displacement } pharm sci breast feeding zoloft calvo p, remunanlopez c, vilajato jl and alonso mj development of positively charged colloidal drug carriers chitosan coated polyester nanocapsules and submicron emulsions coll polym sci breast feeding zoloft jung t, breitenbach a and kissel t sulfobutylated polyvinyl alcoholgraft polylactidecoglycolides facilitate the preparation of small negatively charged biodegradable nanospheres control rel ohagan dt, palin breast feeding zoloft kj and davis ss polybutylcyanoacrylate particles as adjuvants for oral immunization vaccine chauvierre c, labarre d, couvreur p and vauthier с novel polysaccharide decorated polyisobutyl breast feeding zoloft cyanoacrylate nanoparticles pharm res major m, prieur e, tocanne jf, betbeder d and sautereau am characterization and phase behaviour of phospholipid bilayers adsorbed on spherical polysaccharidic nanoparticles biochim biophys acta baudner вс, balland o, giuliani mm, von hoegen p, rappuoli r, betbeder d and del giudice g enhancement of protective efficacy breast feeding zoloft following intranasal immunization with vaccine plus a nontoxic ltk mutant delivered with nanoparticles infect immun singla ak and chawla m chitosan some pharmaceutical and biological breast feeding zoloft aspects an update} pharm pharmacol mcneela ea, jabbalgill i, ilium l, pizza m, rappuoli r, podda a, lewis djm and mills khg intranasal immunization with genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin induces t cell responses in humans enhancement of th responses and toxin neutralizing antibodies by formulation with chitosan vaccine nagamoto t, hattori breast feeding zoloft y, takayama к and maitani y novel chitosan particles and chitosancoated emulsions inducing immune response via intranasal vaccine delivery pharm res vila a, sanchez a, breast feeding zoloft tobio m, calvo p and alonso mj design of biodegradable particles for protein delivery j control rel ilium l, jabbalgill i, hinchcliffe m, fisher an breast feeding zoloft and davis ss chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines adv drug del rev pantarotto d, partidos cd, hoebeke j, brown f, kramer e, breast feeding zoloft briand jp, muller s, prato m and bianco a immunization with peptidefunctionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virusspecific neutralizing antibody responses chem biol cui z and mumper breast feeding zoloft rj coating of cationized protein on engineered nanoparticles results in enhanced immune responses int j pharm he q, mitchell a, morcol t and bell sj breast feeding zoloft calcium phosphate nanoparticles induce mucosal immunity and protection against herpes simplex virus type clin diagn lab immunol bisht s, bhakta g, mitra s and maitra a breast feeding zoloft pdna loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles highly efficient nonviral vector for gene delivery int j pharm ohagan dt novel delivery systems for oral vaccines microparticles as breast feeding zoloft oral vaccines ohagan dt, editor crc press, boca raton ohagan dt, ott gs and van nest g recent advances in vaccine adjuvants the development of breast feeding zoloft mf emulsion and polymeric microparticles mol med today moore a, mcguirk p, adams s, jones wc, mcgee jp, ohagan dt and mills kh immunization with a breast feeding zoloft soluble recombinant hiv protein entrapped in biodegradable microparticles induces hivspecific cd cytotoxic t lymphocytes and cd thl cells vaccine maloy kj, donachie am, ohagan dt breast feeding zoloft and mowat am induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses by immunization with ovalbumin entrapped in polylactidecoglycolide microparticles immunology nixon df, hioe c, chen pd, bian z, kuebler p, li ml, qiu h, li xm, singh m, richardson j, mcgee p, zamb t, koff w, wang cy and ohagan d synthetic peptides entrapped in microparticles can elicit cytotoxic t cell activity vaccine vordermeier hm, coombes ag, jenkins p, mcgee jp, ohagan dt, davis ss and singh breast feeding zoloft m synthetic delivery system for tuberculosis vaccines immunological evaluation of the m tuberculosis kda protein entrapped in biodegradable plg microparticles vaccine kovacsovicsbankowski m and rock breast feeding zoloft kl a phagosometocytosol pathway for exogenous antigens presented on mhc class i molecules science scheicher c, mehlig m, dienes hp and reske к uptake of breast feeding zoloft microparticleadsorbed protein antigen by bone marrowderived dendritic cells results in upregulation of interleukin alpha and interleukin pp and triggers prolonged, efficient antigen presentation eur j immunol breast feeding zoloft brayden dj and baird aw microparticle vaccine approaches to stimulate mucosal immunisation microbes infect florence at the oral absorption of micro and nanoparticulates neither exceptional nor unusual pharm res vila a, sanchez a, janes k, behrens i, kissel t, jato jlv and alonso mj low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles as breast feeding zoloft new carriers for nasal vaccine delivery in mice eur j pharm biopharm debin a, kravtzoff r, santiago jv, cazales l, sperandio s, melber k, janowicz z, breast feeding zoloft betbeder d and moynier m intranasal immunization with recombinant antigens associated with new cationic particles induces strong mucosal as well as systemic antibody and ctl responses vaccine gutierro i, hernandez rm, igartua m, gascon ar and pedraz jl size dependent immune response after subcutaneous, oral and intranasal administration of bsa breast feeding zoloft loaded nanospheres vaccine vila a, sanchez a, evora c, soriano i, lato jlv and alonso mj pegpla nanoparticles as carriers for nasal vaccine delivery j breast feeding zoloft aerosol med diwan m, tafaghodi m and samuel j enhancement of immune responses by codelivery of a cpg oligodeoxynucleotide and tetanus toxoid in biodegradable nanospheres control breast feeding zoloft rel lam cw, james jt, mccluskey r and hunter rl pulmonary toxicity of single wall carbon nanotubes in mice and days after intratracheal instillation toxicol breast feeding zoloft sci jia g, wang hf, yan l, wang x, pei rj, yan t, zhao yl and guo xb cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials singlewall nanotube, multiwall breast feeding zoloft nanotube, and fullerene environ sci tech katare yk, panda ak, lalwani k, haque iu and ali mm potentiation of immune response from polymerentrapped antigen toward development breast feeding zoloft of single dose tetanus toxoid vaccine drug del johnson ol, cleland jl, lee hj, charnis m, duenas e, jaworowicz w, shepard d, shahzamani a, jones breast feeding zoloft aj and putney sd a monthlong effect from a single injection of microencapsulated human growth hormone nat med thiele l, rothenrutishauser b, jilek s, wunderliallenspach breast feeding zoloft h, merkle hp and walter e evaluation of particle uptake in human blood monocytederived cells in vitro does phagocytosis activity of dendritic cells measure up with macrophages?